Knee Prosthesis: From Anatomy to Rehabilitation – A Comprehensive Review

Author: Rudi Fratti, Abdulazeez Alao

Abstract

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most frequently performed orthopedic procedures worldwide, with more than 1 million interventions annually. It represents a cornerstone in managing end-stage osteoarthritis (OA), providing significant pain relief and improved joint function. This review synthesizes anatomical, surgical, and rehabilitation aspects of TKA, highlighting biomechanical principles, prosthetic evolution, and evidence-based recovery strategies. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, selecting studies published between 2010 and 2024. The main focus was on surgical accuracy, implant longevity, materials, and rehabilitation protocols improving functional recovery. Results: Advances in robotics, navigation, and implant biomaterials have reduced alignment errors and improved outcomes. Rehabilitation protocols emphasize early mobilization, quadriceps strengthening, proprioceptive training, and tele-rehabilitation follow-up. Functional recovery and patient satisfaction depend largely on multidisciplinary integration between surgical and physiotherapeutic care. Conclusions: TKA success relies on precise surgical technique, appropriate implant selection, and individualized rehabilitation. Future directions include AI-assisted preoperative planning, smart implants, and biological integration to optimize long-term outcomes.